单项选择题 信息系统的生命周期大致可分成4个阶段，即系统规划阶段、系统开发阶段、系统运行与维护阶段、系统更新阶段。其中以制定出信息系统的长期发展方案、决定信息系统在整个生命周期内的发展方向、规模和发展进程为主要目标的阶段是（1）。系统调查和可行性研究、系统逻辑模型的建立、系统设计、系统实施和系统评价等工作属于（2）。

单项选择题 The parties to government procurement refer to the principal entities of all kinds that enjoy rights and undertake obligations in government procurement, including the procuring entities,the () and the procuring agencies.

单项选择题 There are strategies typically deal with threats or risk that may have negative impacts on project objectives if they occur,some other strategies are suggested to deal with risks with potentially positive impacts.() is a risk response strategy that may be adopted for either threats or opportunities.